TEE & E2EE Models

Venice offers privacy-enhanced models that run in Trusted Execution Environments (TEE) and support End-to-End Encryption (E2EE). These models provide cryptographic guarantees that your data remains private—even from Venice.

Understanding the Privacy Levels

Type	Prefix	What It Means
TEE	`tee-*`	Model runs in a hardware-secured enclave. Venice cannot access the computation. You can verify this with attestation.
E2EE	`e2ee-*`	Full end-to-end encryption. Your prompts are encrypted client-side before being sent. Only the TEE can decrypt them.

E2EE models include TEE protection plus client-side encryption. TEE models provide enclave security without requiring client-side encryption.

Available Models

Loading…

Check the Models page for the full list with pricing and context limits.

TEE Models

TEE models run inside hardware-secured enclaves (Intel TDX, NVIDIA Confidential Computing). The model weights and your data are protected from the host system—including Venice’s infrastructure.

Basic Usage

TEE models work exactly like regular models:

from openai import OpenAI

client = OpenAI(
    api_key="your-venice-api-key",
    base_url="https://api.venice.ai/api/v1"
)

response = client.chat.completions.create(
    model="tee-qwen3-5-122b-a10b",
    messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "Explain quantum computing"}]
)

print(response.choices[0].message.content)

import OpenAI from 'openai';

const client = new OpenAI({
    apiKey: 'your-venice-api-key',
    baseURL: 'https://api.venice.ai/api/v1'
});

const response = await client.chat.completions.create({
    model: 'tee-qwen3-5-122b-a10b',
    messages: [{ role: 'user', content: 'Explain quantum computing' }]
});

console.log(response.choices[0].message.content);

curl https://api.venice.ai/api/v1/chat/completions \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer $API_KEY_VENICE" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{
    "model": "tee-qwen3-5-122b-a10b",
    "messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Explain quantum computing"}]
  }'

Verifying TEE Attestation

You can cryptographically verify that a model is running in a genuine TEE by fetching its attestation report:

# Generate a random nonce (prevents replay attacks)
NONCE=$(openssl rand -hex 16)

# Fetch attestation
curl "https://api.venice.ai/api/v1/tee/attestation?model=tee-qwen3-5-122b-a10b&nonce=$NONCE" \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer $API_KEY_VENICE"

import secrets
import requests

nonce = secrets.token_hex(16)

response = requests.get(
    f"https://api.venice.ai/api/v1/tee/attestation",
    params={"model": "tee-qwen3-5-122b-a10b", "nonce": nonce},
    headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {api_key}"}
)

attestation = response.json()
print(f"Verified: {attestation['verified']}")
print(f"TEE Provider: {attestation['tee_provider']}")
print(f"Model: {attestation['model']}")

The attestation response includes:

Field	Description
`verified`	Whether the attestation passed server-side verification
`nonce`	Your nonce, confirming freshness
`model`	The attested model ID
`tee_provider`	TEE provider identifier
`intel_quote`	Raw Intel TDX quote (base64) for client-side verification
`nvidia_payload`	NVIDIA GPU attestation data (if applicable)
`signing_key`	Public key for verifying response signatures (typically required for E2EE flows; may be omitted for some plain TEE models)
`signing_address`	Ethereum address derived from signing key

For production use, verify the attestation client-side by parsing the Intel TDX quote and checking the NVIDIA attestation.

For plain TEE model verification, signing_address and server-side verification fields are sufficient for baseline attestation checks. A signing_key is required when you need client-side E2EE key agreement and strict key-binding checks.

Response Signatures

TEE models can sign their responses, proving the output came from the attested enclave:

# After getting a completion, verify the signature
curl "https://api.venice.ai/api/v1/tee/signature?model=tee-qwen3-5-122b-a10b&request_id=chatcmpl-abc123" \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer $API_KEY_VENICE"

response = requests.get(
    f"https://api.venice.ai/api/v1/tee/signature",
    params={"model": "tee-qwen3-5-122b-a10b", "request_id": completion_id},
    headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {api_key}"}
)

signature = response.json()
# Verify signature matches the signing_address from attestation

E2EE Models

E2EE models add client-side encryption on top of TEE protection. Your prompts are encrypted before leaving your device, and only the TEE can decrypt them. Venice E2EE uses:

ECDH (Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman) on secp256k1 for key exchange
HKDF-SHA256 for key derivation
AES-256-GCM for symmetric encryption
TEE attestation to verify the model runs in a secure enclave

E2EE requires client-side implementation. The examples below show the complete protocol.

How E2EE Works

Generate Ephemeral Key Pair

Client generates a secp256k1 key pair for this session.

Fetch TEE Attestation

Client requests /api/v1/tee/attestation and receives the model’s public key, attestation evidence, and nonce.

Verify Attestation

Client checks nonce match, debug mode disabled, and attestation validity.

Encrypt Messages

Client encrypts prompts using ECDH shared secret → HKDF → AES-GCM.

Send Request

Client sends request with E2EE headers (X-Venice-TEE-Client-Pub-Key, X-Venice-TEE-Model-Pub-Key, X-Venice-TEE-Signing-Algo).

TEE Processing

TEE decrypts request, processes it, and encrypts the response.

Decrypt Response

Client receives encrypted chunks and decrypts with private key.

Prerequisites

JavaScript (Node.js ESM):

npm install elliptic @noble/ciphers @noble/hashes

Python:

pip install cryptography ecdsa requests

Step 1: Check Model E2EE Support

First, verify the model supports E2EE by checking the /models endpoint.

async function getE2EEModels(apiKey) {
  const response = await fetch('https://api.venice.ai/api/v1/models', {
    headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${apiKey}` },
  })
  const { data } = await response.json()

  return data.filter(model => model.model_spec?.capabilities?.supportsE2EE === true)
}

// Example usage
const models = await getE2EEModels('your-api-key')
console.log('E2EE Models:', models.map(m => m.id))
// Output: ['e2ee-qwen3-5-122b-a10b', 'e2ee-glm-5', ...]

import requests

def get_e2ee_models(api_key: str) -> list:
    """Get list of models that support E2EE."""
    response = requests.get(
        'https://api.venice.ai/api/v1/models',
        headers={'Authorization': f'Bearer {api_key}'}
    )
    models = response.json()['data']

    return [
        model for model in models
        if model.get('model_spec', {}).get('capabilities', {}).get('supportsE2EE')
    ]

# Example usage
models = get_e2ee_models('your-api-key')
print('E2EE Models:', [m['id'] for m in models])

Step 2: Generate Ephemeral Key Pair

Generate a new key pair for each session. The private key should be kept in memory only and securely zeroed after use.

import { ec as EC } from 'elliptic'

function generateEphemeralKeyPair() {
  const ec = new EC('secp256k1')
  const keyPair = ec.genKeyPair()

  return {
    privateKey: new Uint8Array(keyPair.getPrivate().toArray('be', 32)),
    publicKeyHex: keyPair.getPublic('hex'), // Uncompressed format (65 bytes hex)
  }
}

// Security: Zero-fill private key when done
function zeroFill(arr) {
  arr.fill(0)
}

from ecdsa import SECP256k1, SigningKey
import secrets

def generate_ephemeral_key_pair():
    """Generate ephemeral secp256k1 key pair for E2EE session."""
    private_key = SigningKey.generate(curve=SECP256k1)
    public_key = private_key.get_verifying_key()

    # Get uncompressed public key (04 || x || y)
    public_key_bytes = b'\x04' + public_key.to_string()

    return {
        'private_key': private_key.to_string(),  # 32 bytes
        'public_key_hex': public_key_bytes.hex()  # 130 hex chars
    }

Validation Helpers

Use these helper functions to validate keys and encrypted content before sending requests.

function validateClientPubkey(pubkeyHex) {
  if (pubkeyHex.length !== 130 || !pubkeyHex.startsWith('04')) {
    throw new Error(`Client pubkey must be 130 hex chars starting with '04' (got ${pubkeyHex.length})`)
  }
}

function isValidEncrypted(s) {
  // Minimum: ephemeral_pub (65) + nonce (12) + tag (16) = 93 bytes = 186 hex chars
  return s.length >= 186 && /^[0-9a-fA-F]+$/.test(s)
}

def validate_client_pubkey(pubkey_hex: str) -> None:
    """Validate client public key format."""
    if len(pubkey_hex) != 130 or not pubkey_hex.startswith('04'):
        raise ValueError(f"Client pubkey must be 130 hex chars starting with '04' (got {len(pubkey_hex)})")

def is_valid_encrypted(s: str) -> bool:
    """Check if string is valid hex-encrypted content."""
    # Minimum: ephemeral_pub (65) + nonce (12) + tag (16) = 93 bytes = 186 hex chars
    return len(s) >= 186 and all(c in '0123456789abcdefABCDEF' for c in s)

Step 3: Fetch and Verify TEE Attestation

The attestation proves the model is running in a genuine TEE. Always verify the attestation before trusting the model’s public key.

Important: Nonce Length - The client nonce must be 32 bytes (64 hex characters). Some TEE providers require exactly 32 bytes and will reject shorter nonces.

import crypto from 'crypto'

async function fetchAndVerifyAttestation(modelId, apiKey) {
  // Generate client nonce for replay protection (32 bytes = 64 hex chars)
  const clientNonce = crypto.randomBytes(32).toString('hex')

  const response = await fetch(
    `https://api.venice.ai/api/v1/tee/attestation?model=${encodeURIComponent(modelId)}&nonce=${clientNonce}`,
    { headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${apiKey}` } }
  )

  const attestation = await response.json()

  // Verify attestation
  if (attestation.verified !== true) {
    throw new Error('TEE attestation verification failed on server')
  }

  if (attestation.nonce !== clientNonce) {
    throw new Error('Attestation nonce mismatch - possible replay attack')
  }

  // Get model's public key for encryption
  const modelPublicKey = attestation.signing_key || attestation.signing_public_key
  if (!modelPublicKey) {
    throw new Error('No signing key in attestation response')
  }

  return {
    modelPublicKey,
    signingAddress: attestation.signing_address,
    attestation,
  }
}

import secrets
import requests

def fetch_and_verify_attestation(model_id: str, api_key: str) -> dict:
    """Fetch and verify TEE attestation for a model."""
    # Generate client nonce for replay protection (32 bytes = 64 hex chars)
    client_nonce = secrets.token_hex(32)

    response = requests.get(
        f'https://api.venice.ai/api/v1/tee/attestation',
        params={'model': model_id, 'nonce': client_nonce},
        headers={'Authorization': f'Bearer {api_key}'}
    )
    attestation = response.json()

    # Verify attestation
    if attestation.get('verified') != True:
        raise ValueError('TEE attestation verification failed on server')

    if attestation.get('nonce') != client_nonce:
        raise ValueError('Attestation nonce mismatch - possible replay attack')

    # Get model's public key for encryption
    model_public_key = attestation.get('signing_key') or attestation.get('signing_public_key')
    if not model_public_key:
        raise ValueError('No signing key in attestation response')

    return {
        'model_public_key': model_public_key,
        'signing_address': attestation.get('signing_address'),
        'attestation': attestation
    }

Step 4: Encrypt Messages

Encrypt user and system messages before sending. Only user and system role messages need encryption.

When E2EE headers are present, all user and system role messages must be encrypted. Sending any plaintext content in these roles will result in an “Encrypted field is not valid hex” error.

import { gcm } from '@noble/ciphers/aes.js'
import { hkdf } from '@noble/hashes/hkdf.js'
import { sha256 } from '@noble/hashes/sha2.js'
import { ec as EC } from 'elliptic'
import crypto from 'crypto'

const HKDF_INFO = new TextEncoder().encode('ecdsa_encryption')

function encryptMessage(plaintext, modelPublicKeyHex) {
  const ec = new EC('secp256k1')

  // Normalize public key (add 04 prefix if needed)
  let normalizedKey = modelPublicKeyHex
  if (!normalizedKey.startsWith('04') && normalizedKey.length === 128) {
    normalizedKey = '04' + normalizedKey
  }

  const modelPublicKey = ec.keyFromPublic(normalizedKey, 'hex')

  // Generate ephemeral key pair for this message
  const ephemeralKeyPair = ec.genKeyPair()

  // ECDH shared secret
  const sharedSecret = ephemeralKeyPair.derive(modelPublicKey.getPublic())
  const sharedSecretBytes = new Uint8Array(sharedSecret.toArray('be', 32))

  // Derive AES key using HKDF
  const aesKey = hkdf(sha256, sharedSecretBytes, undefined, HKDF_INFO, 32)

  // Generate random nonce
  const nonce = crypto.randomBytes(12)

  // Encrypt with AES-GCM
  const cipher = gcm(aesKey, nonce)
  const encrypted = cipher.encrypt(new TextEncoder().encode(plaintext))

  // Get ephemeral public key (uncompressed)
  const ephemeralPublic = new Uint8Array(ephemeralKeyPair.getPublic(false, 'array'))

  // Combine: ephemeral_public (65 bytes) + nonce (12 bytes) + ciphertext
  const result = new Uint8Array(65 + 12 + encrypted.length)
  result.set(ephemeralPublic, 0)
  result.set(nonce, 65)
  result.set(encrypted, 65 + 12)

  return Buffer.from(result).toString('hex')
}

function encryptMessagesForE2EE(messages, modelPublicKey) {
  return messages.map(msg => {
    if (msg.role === 'user' || msg.role === 'system') {
      return {
        ...msg,
        content: encryptMessage(msg.content, modelPublicKey),
      }
    }
    return msg
  })
}

from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers.aead import AESGCM
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.hkdf import HKDF
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
from ecdsa import SECP256k1, VerifyingKey, SigningKey
import os

HKDF_INFO = b'ecdsa_encryption'

def encrypt_message(plaintext: str, model_public_key_hex: str) -> str:
    """Encrypt a message using ECDH + HKDF + AES-GCM."""
    # Normalize public key
    key_hex = model_public_key_hex
    if not key_hex.startswith('04') and len(key_hex) == 128:
        key_hex = '04' + key_hex

    model_public_key_bytes = bytes.fromhex(key_hex)

    # Parse model's public key (skip 04 prefix)
    model_verifying_key = VerifyingKey.from_string(
        model_public_key_bytes[1:],
        curve=SECP256k1
    )

    # Generate ephemeral key pair for this message
    ephemeral_private = SigningKey.generate(curve=SECP256k1)
    ephemeral_public = ephemeral_private.get_verifying_key()

    # ECDH: compute shared secret
    shared_point = model_verifying_key.pubkey.point * ephemeral_private.privkey.secret_multiplier
    shared_secret = shared_point.x().to_bytes(32, 'big')

    # Derive AES key using HKDF
    hkdf = HKDF(
        algorithm=hashes.SHA256(),
        length=32,
        salt=None,
        info=HKDF_INFO,
    )
    aes_key = hkdf.derive(shared_secret)

    # Generate random nonce
    nonce = os.urandom(12)

    # Encrypt with AES-GCM
    aesgcm = AESGCM(aes_key)
    ciphertext = aesgcm.encrypt(nonce, plaintext.encode('utf-8'), None)

    # Get ephemeral public key (uncompressed: 04 || x || y)
    ephemeral_public_bytes = b'\x04' + ephemeral_public.to_string()

    # Combine: ephemeral_public (65 bytes) + nonce (12 bytes) + ciphertext
    result = ephemeral_public_bytes + nonce + ciphertext

    return result.hex()

def encrypt_messages_for_e2ee(messages: list, model_public_key: str) -> list:
    """Encrypt user and system messages."""
    encrypted_messages = []
    for msg in messages:
        if msg['role'] in ('user', 'system'):
            encrypted_messages.append({
                **msg,
                'content': encrypt_message(msg['content'], model_public_key)
            })
        else:
            encrypted_messages.append(msg)
    return encrypted_messages

Step 5: Send Request with E2EE Headers

Include the required headers to enable E2EE processing.

Header	Description
`X-Venice-TEE-Client-Pub-Key`	Your ephemeral public key (uncompressed hex, 130 chars)
`X-Venice-TEE-Model-Pub-Key`	Model’s public key from attestation
`X-Venice-TEE-Signing-Algo`	Always `ecdsa`

async function sendE2EERequest(messages, model, e2eeContext, apiKey) {
  // Encrypt messages
  const encryptedMessages = encryptMessagesForE2EE(messages, e2eeContext.modelPublicKey)

  const response = await fetch('https://api.venice.ai/api/v1/chat/completions', {
    method: 'POST',
    headers: {
      Authorization: `Bearer ${apiKey}`,
      'Content-Type': 'application/json',
      // E2EE headers
      'X-Venice-TEE-Client-Pub-Key': e2eeContext.publicKeyHex,
      'X-Venice-TEE-Model-Pub-Key': e2eeContext.modelPublicKey,
      'X-Venice-TEE-Signing-Algo': 'ecdsa',
    },
    body: JSON.stringify({
      model,
      messages: encryptedMessages,
      stream: true, // E2EE requires streaming
    }),
  })

  return response
}

import requests

def send_e2ee_request(
    messages: list,
    model: str,
    e2ee_context: dict,
    api_key: str
) -> requests.Response:
    """Send an E2EE-encrypted chat completion request."""
    # Encrypt messages
    encrypted_messages = encrypt_messages_for_e2ee(
        messages,
        e2ee_context['model_public_key']
    )

    response = requests.post(
        'https://api.venice.ai/api/v1/chat/completions',
        headers={
            'Authorization': f'Bearer {api_key}',
            'Content-Type': 'application/json',
            # E2EE headers
            'X-Venice-TEE-Client-Pub-Key': e2ee_context['public_key_hex'],
            'X-Venice-TEE-Model-Pub-Key': e2ee_context['model_public_key'],
            'X-Venice-TEE-Signing-Algo': 'ecdsa'
        },
        json={
            'model': model,
            'messages': encrypted_messages,
            'stream': True  # E2EE requires streaming
        },
        stream=True
    )

    return response

Step 6: Decrypt Response Chunks

Responses from E2EE models are hex-encoded encrypted chunks. Decrypt each chunk using your private key.

import { gcm } from '@noble/ciphers/aes.js'
import { hkdf } from '@noble/hashes/hkdf.js'
import { sha256 } from '@noble/hashes/sha2.js'
import { ec as EC } from 'elliptic'

const HKDF_INFO = new TextEncoder().encode('ecdsa_encryption')

function hexToBytes(hex) {
  const h = hex.startsWith('0x') ? hex.slice(2) : hex
  const bytes = new Uint8Array(h.length / 2)
  for (let i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {
    bytes[i] = parseInt(h.substring(i * 2, i * 2 + 2), 16)
  }
  return bytes
}

function isHexEncrypted(s) {
  // Minimum: ephemeral_pub (65) + nonce (12) + tag (16) = 93 bytes = 186 hex chars
  if (s.length < 186) return false
  return /^[0-9a-fA-F]+$/.test(s)
}

function decryptChunk(ciphertextHex, clientPrivateKey) {
  const raw = hexToBytes(ciphertextHex)

  // Parse components
  const serverEphemeralPubKey = raw.slice(0, 65)
  const nonce = raw.slice(65, 65 + 12)
  const ciphertext = raw.slice(65 + 12)

  // ECDH with server's ephemeral key
  const ec = new EC('secp256k1')
  const clientKey = ec.keyFromPrivate(Buffer.from(clientPrivateKey))
  const serverKey = ec.keyFromPublic(Buffer.from(serverEphemeralPubKey))
  const sharedSecret = clientKey.derive(serverKey.getPublic())
  const sharedSecretBytes = new Uint8Array(sharedSecret.toArray('be', 32))

  // Derive AES key
  const aesKey = hkdf(sha256, sharedSecretBytes, undefined, HKDF_INFO, 32)

  // Decrypt
  const cipher = gcm(aesKey, nonce)
  const plaintext = cipher.decrypt(ciphertext)

  return new TextDecoder().decode(plaintext)
}

// Process streaming response
async function processE2EEStream(response, clientPrivateKey) {
  const reader = response.body.getReader()
  const decoder = new TextDecoder()
  let fullContent = ''

  while (true) {
    const { done, value } = await reader.read()
    if (done) break

    const text = decoder.decode(value)
    const lines = text.split('\n')

    for (const line of lines) {
      if (!line.startsWith('data: ')) continue
      const data = line.slice(6)
      if (data === '[DONE]') continue

      try {
        const chunk = JSON.parse(data)
        const content = chunk.choices?.[0]?.delta?.content

        if (content && isHexEncrypted(content)) {
          const decrypted = decryptChunk(content, clientPrivateKey)
          fullContent += decrypted
          process.stdout.write(decrypted) // Real-time output
        } else if (content) {
          fullContent += content
          process.stdout.write(content)
        }
      } catch (e) {
        // Skip malformed chunks
      }
    }
  }

  return fullContent
}

from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers.aead import AESGCM
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.hkdf import HKDF
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
from ecdsa import SECP256k1, VerifyingKey, SigningKey
import json
import re

HKDF_INFO = b'ecdsa_encryption'

def is_hex_encrypted(s: str) -> bool:
    """Check if string looks like hex-encrypted content."""
    if len(s) < 186:  # Minimum: 65 + 12 + 16 = 93 bytes = 186 hex
        return False
    return bool(re.match(r'^[0-9a-fA-F]+$', s))

def decrypt_chunk(ciphertext_hex: str, client_private_key: bytes) -> str:
    """Decrypt an E2EE response chunk."""
    raw = bytes.fromhex(ciphertext_hex)

    # Parse components
    server_ephemeral_pub = raw[:65]
    nonce = raw[65:77]
    ciphertext = raw[77:]

    # Parse server's ephemeral public key (skip 04 prefix)
    server_verifying_key = VerifyingKey.from_string(
        server_ephemeral_pub[1:],
        curve=SECP256k1
    )

    # Reconstruct client's private key
    client_signing_key = SigningKey.from_string(client_private_key, curve=SECP256k1)

    # ECDH: compute shared secret
    shared_point = server_verifying_key.pubkey.point * client_signing_key.privkey.secret_multiplier
    shared_secret = shared_point.x().to_bytes(32, 'big')

    # Derive AES key
    hkdf = HKDF(
        algorithm=hashes.SHA256(),
        length=32,
        salt=None,
        info=HKDF_INFO,
    )
    aes_key = hkdf.derive(shared_secret)

    # Decrypt
    aesgcm = AESGCM(aes_key)
    plaintext = aesgcm.decrypt(nonce, ciphertext, None)

    return plaintext.decode('utf-8')

def process_e2ee_stream(response, client_private_key: bytes) -> str:
    """Process streaming E2EE response."""
    full_content = ''

    for line in response.iter_lines():
        if not line:
            continue

        line_str = line.decode('utf-8')
        if not line_str.startswith('data: '):
            continue

        data = line_str[6:]
        if data == '[DONE]':
            continue

        try:
            chunk = json.loads(data)
            content = chunk.get('choices', [{}])[0].get('delta', {}).get('content', '')

            if content and is_hex_encrypted(content):
                decrypted = decrypt_chunk(content, client_private_key)
                full_content += decrypted
                print(decrypted, end='', flush=True)  # Real-time output
            elif content:
                full_content += content
                print(content, end='', flush=True)
        except json.JSONDecodeError:
            pass

    print()  # Final newline
    return full_content

Complete Working Example

JavaScript
Python

import elliptic from 'elliptic';
import { gcm } from '@noble/ciphers/aes.js';
import { hkdf } from '@noble/hashes/hkdf.js';
import { sha256 } from '@noble/hashes/sha2.js';
import crypto from 'crypto';

const EC = elliptic.ec;

const API_KEY = process.env.API_KEY_VENICE;
const BASE_URL = 'https://api.venice.ai/api/v1';
const MODEL = 'e2ee-qwen3-5-122b-a10b';
const HKDF_INFO = new TextEncoder().encode('ecdsa_encryption');

function hexToBytes(hex) {
  const bytes = new Uint8Array(hex.length / 2);
  for (let i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {
    bytes[i] = parseInt(hex.substring(i * 2, i * 2 + 2), 16);
  }
  return bytes;
}

async function main() {
  // Step 1: Generate ephemeral key pair
  console.log('🔑 Generating ephemeral key pair...');
  const ec = new EC('secp256k1');
  const keyPair = ec.genKeyPair();
  const clientPublicKeyHex = keyPair.getPublic('hex');

  // Step 2: Fetch and verify attestation
  console.log('🔍 Fetching TEE attestation...');
  const clientNonce = crypto.randomBytes(32).toString('hex'); // 32 bytes required
  const attestationRes = await fetch(
    `${BASE_URL}/tee/attestation?model=${MODEL}&nonce=${clientNonce}`,
    { headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${API_KEY}` } }
  );
  const attestation = await attestationRes.json();

  if (attestation.verified !== true || attestation.nonce !== clientNonce) {
    throw new Error('Attestation verification failed');
  }

  const modelPublicKey = attestation.signing_key || attestation.signing_public_key;
  console.log('✅ TEE attestation verified');

  // Step 3: Encrypt message
  console.log('🔐 Encrypting message...');
  const plaintext = 'What is 2+2? Answer briefly.';

  // Normalize and parse model's public key
  let normalizedKey = modelPublicKey;
  if (!normalizedKey.startsWith('04') && normalizedKey.length === 128) {
    normalizedKey = '04' + normalizedKey;
  }

  const modelKey = ec.keyFromPublic(normalizedKey, 'hex');
  const ephemeralKeyPair = ec.genKeyPair();
  const sharedSecret = ephemeralKeyPair.derive(modelKey.getPublic());
  const sharedSecretBytes = new Uint8Array(sharedSecret.toArray('be', 32));
  const aesKey = hkdf(sha256, sharedSecretBytes, undefined, HKDF_INFO, 32);
  const nonce = crypto.randomBytes(12);
  const cipher = gcm(aesKey, nonce);
  const encrypted = cipher.encrypt(new TextEncoder().encode(plaintext));
  const ephemeralPublic = new Uint8Array(ephemeralKeyPair.getPublic(false, 'array'));

  const result = new Uint8Array(65 + 12 + encrypted.length);
  result.set(ephemeralPublic, 0);
  result.set(nonce, 65);
  result.set(encrypted, 77);

  const encryptedContent = Buffer.from(result).toString('hex');
  const messages = [{ role: 'user', content: encryptedContent }];

  // Step 4: Send E2EE request
  console.log('📤 Sending encrypted request...');
  const response = await fetch(`${BASE_URL}/chat/completions`, {
    method: 'POST',
    headers: {
      Authorization: `Bearer ${API_KEY}`,
      'Content-Type': 'application/json',
      'X-Venice-TEE-Client-Pub-Key': clientPublicKeyHex,
      'X-Venice-TEE-Model-Pub-Key': modelPublicKey,
      'X-Venice-TEE-Signing-Algo': 'ecdsa',
    },
    body: JSON.stringify({ model: MODEL, messages, stream: true }),
  });

  // Step 5: Decrypt response
  console.log('📥 Decrypting response...\n');
  const reader = response.body.getReader();
  const decoder = new TextDecoder();

  while (true) {
    const { done, value } = await reader.read();
    if (done) break;

    const text = decoder.decode(value);
    for (const line of text.split('\n')) {
      if (!line.startsWith('data: ') || line.includes('[DONE]')) continue;

      try {
        const chunk = JSON.parse(line.slice(6));
        const content = chunk.choices?.[0]?.delta?.content;
        if (!content) continue;

        if (/^[0-9a-fA-F]+$/.test(content) && content.length >= 186) {
          // Decrypt
          const raw = hexToBytes(content);
          const serverEphemeralPub = raw.slice(0, 65);
          const nonce = raw.slice(65, 77);
          const ciphertext = raw.slice(77);

          const serverKey = ec.keyFromPublic(Buffer.from(serverEphemeralPub));
          const sharedSecret = keyPair.derive(serverKey.getPublic());
          const aesKey = hkdf(sha256, new Uint8Array(sharedSecret.toArray('be', 32)), undefined, HKDF_INFO, 32);
          const cipher = gcm(aesKey, nonce);
          const plaintext = new TextDecoder().decode(cipher.decrypt(ciphertext));
          process.stdout.write(plaintext);
        } else {
          process.stdout.write(content);
        }
      } catch {}
    }
  }

  console.log('\n\n🔐 Response decrypted end-to-end');
}

main().catch(console.error);

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Complete E2EE implementation example for Venice AI API."""

import os
import json
import secrets
import requests
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers.aead import AESGCM
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.hkdf import HKDF
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
from ecdsa import SECP256k1, VerifyingKey, SigningKey

API_KEY = os.environ.get('API_KEY_VENICE')
BASE_URL = 'https://api.venice.ai/api/v1'
MODEL = 'e2ee-qwen3-5-122b-a10b'
HKDF_INFO = b'ecdsa_encryption'

def main():
    # Step 1: Generate ephemeral key pair
    print('🔑 Generating ephemeral key pair...')
    private_key = SigningKey.generate(curve=SECP256k1)
    public_key = private_key.get_verifying_key()
    client_public_key_hex = (b'\x04' + public_key.to_string()).hex()

    # Step 2: Fetch and verify attestation
    print('🔍 Fetching TEE attestation...')
    client_nonce = secrets.token_hex(32)  # 32 bytes required
    attestation_res = requests.get(
        f'{BASE_URL}/tee/attestation',
        params={'model': MODEL, 'nonce': client_nonce},
        headers={'Authorization': f'Bearer {API_KEY}'},
        timeout=30
    )
    attestation = attestation_res.json()

    if attestation.get('verified') != True or attestation.get('nonce') != client_nonce:
        raise ValueError('Attestation verification failed')

    model_public_key = attestation.get('signing_key') or attestation.get('signing_public_key')
    print(f'✅ TEE attestation verified (provider: {attestation.get("tee_provider", "unknown")})')

    # Step 3: Encrypt message
    print('🔐 Encrypting message...')
    plaintext = 'What is 2+2? Answer briefly.'

    # Normalize public key
    key_hex = model_public_key
    if not key_hex.startswith('04') and len(key_hex) == 128:
        key_hex = '04' + key_hex

    model_key_bytes = bytes.fromhex(key_hex)
    model_verifying_key = VerifyingKey.from_string(model_key_bytes[1:], curve=SECP256k1)

    # ECDH
    ephemeral_private = SigningKey.generate(curve=SECP256k1)
    ephemeral_public = ephemeral_private.get_verifying_key()
    shared_point = model_verifying_key.pubkey.point * ephemeral_private.privkey.secret_multiplier
    shared_secret = shared_point.x().to_bytes(32, 'big')

    # Derive AES key
    hkdf = HKDF(algorithm=hashes.SHA256(), length=32, salt=None, info=HKDF_INFO)
    aes_key = hkdf.derive(shared_secret)

    # Encrypt
    nonce = os.urandom(12)
    aesgcm = AESGCM(aes_key)
    ciphertext = aesgcm.encrypt(nonce, plaintext.encode('utf-8'), None)

    ephemeral_public_bytes = b'\x04' + ephemeral_public.to_string()
    result = ephemeral_public_bytes + nonce + ciphertext
    encrypted_content = result.hex()

    messages = [{'role': 'user', 'content': encrypted_content}]

    # Step 4: Send E2EE request
    print('📤 Sending encrypted request...')
    response = requests.post(
        f'{BASE_URL}/chat/completions',
        headers={
            'Authorization': f'Bearer {API_KEY}',
            'Content-Type': 'application/json',
            'X-Venice-TEE-Client-Pub-Key': client_public_key_hex,
            'X-Venice-TEE-Model-Pub-Key': model_public_key,
            'X-Venice-TEE-Signing-Algo': 'ecdsa'
        },
        json={'model': MODEL, 'messages': messages, 'stream': True},
        stream=True,
        timeout=60
    )

    # Step 5: Decrypt response
    print('📥 Decrypting response...\n')

    for line in response.iter_lines():
        if not line:
            continue
        line_str = line.decode('utf-8')
        if not line_str.startswith('data: ') or '[DONE]' in line_str:
            continue

        try:
            chunk = json.loads(line_str[6:])
            content = chunk.get('choices', [{}])[0].get('delta', {}).get('content', '')
            if not content:
                continue

            # Check if encrypted
            if len(content) >= 186 and all(c in '0123456789abcdefABCDEF' for c in content):
                raw = bytes.fromhex(content)
                server_ephemeral_pub = raw[:65]
                nonce = raw[65:77]
                ciphertext = raw[77:]

                server_verifying_key = VerifyingKey.from_string(server_ephemeral_pub[1:], curve=SECP256k1)
                shared_point = server_verifying_key.pubkey.point * private_key.privkey.secret_multiplier
                shared_secret = shared_point.x().to_bytes(32, 'big')

                hkdf = HKDF(algorithm=hashes.SHA256(), length=32, salt=None, info=HKDF_INFO)
                aes_key = hkdf.derive(shared_secret)

                aesgcm = AESGCM(aes_key)
                plaintext = aesgcm.decrypt(nonce, ciphertext, None)
                print(plaintext.decode('utf-8'), end='', flush=True)
            else:
                print(content, end='', flush=True)
        except Exception:
            pass

    print('\n\n🔐 Response decrypted end-to-end')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

E2EE Limitations

E2EE has some constraints due to the encryption requirements:

Feature	Status
Streaming	Required (non-streaming not supported)
Web search	Disabled (would leak content)
File uploads	Not supported
Function calling	Not supported
Venice system prompt	Disabled (must be encrypted client-side)

Security Best Practices

Generate new key pairs per session - Don’t reuse ephemeral keys
Zero-fill private keys - Clear private key bytes from memory when done
Verify attestation - Always check verified: true and nonce match
Check for debug mode - Reject attestations from debug enclaves
Use streaming - E2EE requires streaming for proper encryption chunking
Handle errors gracefully - Don’t expose decryption errors to users
Use 32-byte nonces - TEE providers require exactly 32 bytes

Best Practices

Always verify attestation in production

Don’t just trust the verified: true response. Parse the Intel TDX quote client-side and verify the measurements match expected values. For NVIDIA GPUs, check the attestation via NVIDIA’s verification service.

Use fresh nonces

Always generate a new random nonce for each attestation request. This prevents replay attacks where an attacker could serve a stale attestation.

Verify key binding

The signing key should be bound to the TDX REPORTDATA field. This proves the key was generated inside the enclave.

Check for debug mode

Verify the TDX attestation doesn’t have debug flags set. A debug enclave can be inspected and should not be trusted for production.

Use our SDKs for E2EE

E2EE requires careful cryptographic implementation. Use our official SDKs rather than implementing the protocol yourself.

Checking Model Capabilities

You can check if a model supports TEE or E2EE via the models endpoint:

curl https://api.venice.ai/api/v1/models \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer $API_KEY_VENICE" | jq '.data[] | select(.model_spec.capabilities.supportsTeeAttestation == true or .model_spec.capabilities.supportsE2EE == true) | {id, tee: .model_spec.capabilities.supportsTeeAttestation, e2ee: .model_spec.capabilities.supportsE2EE}'

models = client.models.list()

for model in models.data:
    caps = getattr(model, 'model_spec', {}).get('capabilities', {})
    if caps.get('supportsTeeAttestation') or caps.get('supportsE2EE'):
        print(f"{model.id}: TEE={caps.get('supportsTeeAttestation')}, E2EE={caps.get('supportsE2EE')}")

Error Handling

Error	Cause	Solution
`TEE attestation verification failed`	Attestation didn’t pass validation	Retry or contact support
`Attestation nonce mismatch`	Possible replay attack	Generate a fresh nonce
`TDX debug mode detected`	Enclave is in debug mode	Don’t use for production
`Failed to decrypt field`	E2EE decryption failed server-side	Check your encryption implementation
`E2EE requires streaming`	Non-streaming request to E2EE model	Set `stream: true`
`Encrypted field is not valid hex`	Plaintext sent with E2EE headers	Encrypt all user/system messages
`Invalid public key`	Wrong key format	Use 130 hex chars starting with `04`

Troubleshooting

502 Bad Gateway or 'Nonce must be exactly 32 bytes'

The nonce length is incorrect. TEE providers require exactly 32 bytes (64 hex characters).

Use crypto.randomBytes(32).toString('hex') (JS) or secrets.token_hex(32) (Python)
Common mistake: secrets.token_hex(16) produces 32 hex chars (16 bytes), not 32 bytes

Attestation verification failed

Check that the model supports E2EE (supportsE2EE: true)
Verify your API key is valid and has access to the requested model
Verify network connectivity to Venice API

Decryption failed

Ensure you’re using the same private key that generated the public key sent in headers
Check that the response content is actually hex-encoded (E2EE active)
Verify the model public key matches what was used for encryption

Encrypted field is not valid hex

All user and system role messages must be encrypted when E2EE headers are present
Verify your encrypted content passes the isValidEncrypted() validation (minimum 186 hex characters)
Check that encryption output is lowercase hex without any prefixes

Invalid public key errors

Client public key must be exactly 130 hex characters starting with 04
Use the validateClientPubkey() helper to verify format before sending
Ensure you’re using uncompressed public key format (65 bytes = 130 hex chars)

Model not found

Verify the model ID is correct and the model supports E2EE
Use the /models endpoint to verify available E2EE models

Guides

Getting Started

Text & Chat

Image & Video

Agents & Integrations

Agent Tooling

Coding Tools

SDKs & Frameworks

Projects

Understanding the Privacy Levels

Available Models

TEE Models

Basic Usage

Verifying TEE Attestation

Response Signatures

E2EE Models

How E2EE Works

Prerequisites

Step 1: Check Model E2EE Support

Step 2: Generate Ephemeral Key Pair

Validation Helpers

Step 3: Fetch and Verify TEE Attestation

Step 4: Encrypt Messages

Step 5: Send Request with E2EE Headers

Step 6: Decrypt Response Chunks

Complete Working Example

E2EE Limitations

Security Best Practices

Best Practices

Checking Model Capabilities

Error Handling

Troubleshooting

Resources

​Understanding the Privacy Levels

​Available Models

​TEE Models

​Basic Usage

​Verifying TEE Attestation

​Response Signatures

​E2EE Models

​How E2EE Works

​Prerequisites

​Step 1: Check Model E2EE Support

​Step 2: Generate Ephemeral Key Pair

​Validation Helpers

​Step 3: Fetch and Verify TEE Attestation

​Step 4: Encrypt Messages

​Step 5: Send Request with E2EE Headers

​Step 6: Decrypt Response Chunks

​Complete Working Example

​E2EE Limitations

​Security Best Practices

​Best Practices

​Checking Model Capabilities

​Error Handling

​Troubleshooting

​Resources

Understanding the Privacy Levels

Available Models

TEE Models

Basic Usage

Verifying TEE Attestation

Response Signatures

E2EE Models

How E2EE Works

Prerequisites

Step 1: Check Model E2EE Support

Step 2: Generate Ephemeral Key Pair

Validation Helpers

Step 3: Fetch and Verify TEE Attestation

Step 4: Encrypt Messages

Step 5: Send Request with E2EE Headers

Step 6: Decrypt Response Chunks

Complete Working Example

E2EE Limitations

Security Best Practices

Best Practices

Checking Model Capabilities

Error Handling

Troubleshooting

Resources